How Does a Manual Watch Work?
Last updated on the 29th of May 2023 by Huxley Mann.
In today's increasingly digital world, manual wristwatches are often thought of as relics from another era. But despite their age, this technology remains surprisingly modern and reliable. Made up of hundreds if not thousands of tiny components, with a bit of know-how and understanding, you can easily marvel at the mechanics of these intricate timepieces that have been refined over the centuries.
In this blog post, we'll take a closer look at how a manual watch works by exploring its key components and why these timepieces still hold relevance today. By the end of this article, you'll have a newfound appreciation for the complexity – and beauty – behind this traditional type of wristwatch.
Components of a manual watch movement
Though many different components and additional features make up the mechanisms of a manual watch, the fundamentals at its core remain the same. Below, we will explore how these essential components work together seamlessly to achieve perfect timekeeping.
The crown
One of the most essential parts of a manual watch is the crown. The crown is responsible for winding the watch's mainspring, which powers the watch. It also allows the wearer to set the time and date and wind the mainspring by turning the crown.
Mainspring
The mainspring of a manual watch is responsible for powering the watch's movement. It is a coiled strip of metal, nearly a foot long, that is wound tightly around a central shaft. As the spring unwinds, it releases energy which powers the watch movement.
If you own a manual watch, we advise winding the mainspring of your timepiece using the crown once a day. A watch typically keeps the best time when the mainspring is above half tension. Over time though, the mainspring can become less powerful and will need replacing.
Example of the mainspring of a manual watch.
Wheel train
Next to the mainspring is the wheel train. A system of gears that drive the timekeeping hands and associated wheels.
The first wheel in the train is the centre wheel connected to the mainspring barrel and holds the minute hand, rotating once per hour.
The second wheel in the train is connected to the centre wheel and transmits power from the mainspring to the watch's escapement.
The third wheel flows power through to the fourth wheel.
The fourth wheel rotates once per minute in incremental ticks and holds the second hand.
The wheel train is an essential part of a manual timepiece and is responsible for powering the movement. If any of the wheels in the train are damaged or broken, it can cause the watch to stop working.
Motion works
The motion works allow the watch hands to be freely rotated for time-setting purposes using the crown.
In addition, the motion works of a watch perform a 12:1 ratio for the hour hand, making the hour hand run 12 times slower than the minute hand, despite both hands being on the same axle.
The gears involved with this speed reduction are the cannon pinion, minute wheel and hour wheel.
The escapement
The escapement is a delicate component that controls the power flow from the mainspring and prevents it from releasing its power all at once.
The escapement consists of a balance wheel and a hairspring, which work together to keep the watch ticking at a steady pace.
The escapement also utilises jewels and shock absorbers to prevent the watch's gears from being thrown out of place by an unexpected impact.
Balance wheel
A balance wheel is a small, weighted wheel that oscillates back and forth and is connected to the mainspring, which is wound up when the wristwatch is worn and releases its energy gradually as the watch runs. This energy powers the balance wheel. The faster the balance wheel oscillates, the faster the timepiece will run.
The balance wheel is a crucial part of a manual watch and helps to keep time accurately.
Supporting structure
In a manual watch, the supporting structure is made up of various-shaped metal plates that support the watch's internal components.
The main plate serves as the base, whilst the bridge plate holds the mainspring barrel and associated parts.
Then you have the train wheel bridge that supports the wheel train.
The pallet bridge holds the pallet fork, and the balance bridge supports the balance wheel and regulator assembly.
The supporting structure of a watch is essential to its overall function and durability. These plates work together to keep the watch movement accurate and running smoothly. Without a solid supporting structure, a mechanical watch would quickly fall apart.
How long does a manual watch last?
Depending on how often you wear your manual watch, the quality of its components and how often it's serviced and maintained, your timepiece can last anywhere from a couple of decades to a lifetime.
Having your manual watch serviced every 2-3 years is crucial for maintaining its longevity. Regularly cleaning and oiling the intricate components will keep them functioning optimally whilst reducing wear and tear on the moving parts. Additionally, replacing obsolete components when necessary can help maintain its accuracy and extend its life span considerably.
Can a manual watch be left unwound?
Yes, a manual watch can be left unwound. However, when left for an extended period, dirt particles may form inside the movement, clogging up the gear systems. Additionally, manual watches rely on lubricants to reduce friction between the different components, such as the mainspring and escapement. When left idle, the oil starts to degrade and may eventually dry up, resulting in increased friction. Which can cause additional wear and tear on the movements. Therefore, if your watch hasn't been wound for an extended period, we recommend having it serviced before rewinding it.
Why are manual watches still popular?
Manual watches are still considered relevant today due to their timeless and classic designs. They are often seen as symbols of success, sophistication, and even luxury, depending on the brand. Their intricate movements are admired for their precision engineering developed over centuries, which gives them a unique aesthetic appeal. Additionally, manual watches can become very valuable due to their rarity and collectability.
Caring for your manual watch
Caring for your manual watch is essential to preserving its value. Start by storing it in a dust-free place and avoiding extremes in temperature and humidity. You should also regularly inspect your watch for any signs of wear and tear, such as scratches on the glass or the case. Additionally, you should make sure to keep the movement oiled and lubricated, as well removing your watch in instances where it might endure any shocks or impacts that could interfere with its performance. Finally, at AMJ Watch Repair, we recommend having your manual watch professionally cleaned and serviced every 2-3 years to keep it in perfect working order and remain functional for years to come. Our team of experienced watch technicians have decades of experience repairing and servicing a wide range of manual watch brands. If you're experiencing problems with your timepiece, feel free to reach out to one of our friendly watchmakers for expert advice, or why not swing by our watch repair shop located in the heart of London's historic jewellery district Hatton Garden?
